PSG has now claimed the season-opening cup on 14 separate occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain required a stoppage-time leveler followed by a successful spot-kick decider to overcome Marseille in the Gulf and secure a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup title.
The Champions League holders appeared to be coasting towards a straightforward win in the showdown featuring the Ligue 1 winners and the Coupe de France holders after Ousmane Dembele opened the net early on.
Yet, the southern French side struck twice late to take a shock advantage. Initially, the English forward converted from the penalty spot, before Willian Pacho inadvertently turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable turn of events, Goncalo Ramos snatched a crucial equaliser in the final moments to force the match into a penalty shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then emerged as the key figure, stopping crucial kicks from Matt O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and the young talent all converted with composure for Paris Saint-Germain to complete a convincing penalty victory.
Now 14-time champions Paris Saint-Germain, who met last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Olympique de Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now won this trophy for the twelfth time in the last thirteen seasons.